《力学动态》文摘第9卷，第2期，2010.01.25

当天的奖励大会上，二00九年度国家自然科学奖、国家技术发明奖、国家科学技术进步奖、中华人民共和国国际科学技术合作奖等另四大国家级科技奖项也一一揭晓。其中，“绕月探测工程”等三项成果被授予国家科学技术进步奖特等奖，“《中国植物志》的编研”获国家自然科学奖一等奖，美国、德国、法国、日本、古巴等国的七位科学家获授国际科技合作奖。

2009年度国家自然科学奖授奖项目28项，其中一等奖1项，二等奖27项。国家技术发明奖授奖项目55项，其中一等奖2项，二等奖53项。2009年度国家科学技术进步奖授奖项目282项，其中特等奖3项，一等奖17项，二等奖262项。

附：

2009年度国家自然科学奖获奖项目名单：http://news.sciencenet.cn/upload/news/file/2010/1/2010112133331661.pdf

2009年度国家技术发明奖获奖项目名单：http://news.sciencenet.cn/upload/news/file/2010/1/2010112133138972.pdf

2009年度国家科学技术进步奖获奖项目名单：http://news.sciencenet.cn/upload/news/file/2010/1/20101121387460.pdf

2009年度国际科学技术合作奖获奖名单名单：http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/1/227131.shtm

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　国家科技三大奖高校获164项占授奖总数64.8%

(摘自中国新闻网)

2009年度国家科学技术奖励大会1月11日在人民大会堂举行。据教育部科技发展中心的数据，国家三大奖通用项目全国高校共获得164项，占授奖总数的64.8%。

在2009年度国家科学技术奖授奖项目中，全国高等学校获得国家自然科学奖二等奖16项，占授奖总数的57.1%。

全国高等学校获得国家技术发明奖通用项目31项，占授奖总数的79.5%。2项一等奖均为高校获得，分别是中国海洋大学管华诗院士等完成的“海洋特征寡糖的制备技术(糖库构建)与应用开发”项目、北京航空航天大学张军等完成的“空地协同的民航空域监视新技术及装备” 项目。

全国高等学校获得国家科学技术进步奖通用项目151项(一等奖5项，二等奖146项)，占授奖总数的68.0%。其中，高校为第一完成单位的94项(一等奖3项，二等奖91项)，占授奖总数的42.3%。

自国家设立科学技术奖以来，截止2009年，高校获国家自然科学奖共489项，占授奖总数的52.3%，获国家技术发明奖共1191项，占授奖总数的37.0%，获国家科技进步奖共3044项，占授奖总数的30.9%。

从2009年的获奖情况可以看出，高校的获奖比例持续增长，说明国家近年来通过211工程、985工程等对高等教育的投入加大，以及高等学校更多地承担国家各类科技攻关项目，成效开始逐步显现，高等学校的科研实力在不断增强，对我国科技进步的贡献越来越大。尤其是国家技术发明奖，高校作为第一完成单位的科技成果获奖比例高达79.5%，且2项一等奖项目均为高校获得。由此可以看出高校不断产出具有自主创新的优秀成果，这也是科研工作者多年的深厚积淀的结果。

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　海外归国人才和中青年人才成为中国科技创新重要力量
（摘自新华网）

记者从1月11日举行的国家科技奖励大会上了解到，海外归国人才和中青年人才正成为中国科技创新的重要力量。

国家科技奖励办公室有关负责人介绍说，“造就培养一流科学家、科技领军人才和一线创新人才”是中国科技奖励的重要目标之一。数据显示，在2009年度国家自然科学奖、技术发明奖、科技进步奖三大奖完成人中，45岁以下的比例达到58.3%；在国家自然科学奖第一完成人中，留学归国人员比例达到60.7%。

例如获国家自然科学奖二等奖的成果“大气颗粒物及其前体物排放与复合污染特征”的第二完成人郝吉明院士，1984年毕业于美国辛辛那提大学，获博士学位。经过20年的系统研究，他在酸雨控制规划方面取得的成果，为确定中国酸雨防治对策起了主导作用。

此外，国家自然科学奖二等奖的成果“非线性偏微分方程的自适应与多尺度计算方法”第一完成人陈志明研究员、国家自然科学奖二等奖成果“拓扑异构酶II新型抑制剂沙尔威辛的抗肿瘤分子机制”第一完成人丁健研究员等很多获奖者，都有海外留学的经历，他们的研究对中国基础科学、生命科学等多领域的发展起到了引领作用。

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　2009年度我国基础研究十大进展揭晓

(摘自科学时报)

由科技部基础研究管理中心组织的2009年度中国基础研究十大科技进展揭晓。

这十大基础研究进展分别是：北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程通过国家验收；查明中国陆地生态系统的碳平衡状况；揭示A1型短指症致病机理；发现β-抑制因子-2复合体信号缺损可导致胰岛素耐受；实验证实诱导性多能干细胞具有发育全能性；发现金属钠在高压条件下可转化为透明绝缘体；阐明纳米孪晶纯铜极值强度的形成机制；高温铜氧化物超导体物性和超导机理研究取得重要进展；鉴别出与超级杂交水稻杂种优势相关的潜在功能基因；找到鸟类起源的一些关键证据。

据介绍，本次评选活动的新闻来源由《科技导报》、《中国科学基金》、《中国科学院院刊》和《中国基础科学》共同推荐。通过初评，从184项推荐新闻中遴选出30项候选新闻。随后以问卷形式将候选新闻送中国科学院院士、中国工程院院士、“973”计划顾问组和咨询组专家、“973”计划项目首席科学家、国家重点实验室主任等专家进行无记名投票获得结果。

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学术会议
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　EMI2010:Engineering Mechanics Institute 2010
August 8 –11, 2010 Los Angeles, CA

This conference provides a major forum for the exchange of ideas and discussion of recent developments in all mechanics and materials research fields. The technical sessions and symposia on fundamentals, tools and applications serve to highlight and promote educational needs, emerging thrusts, novel techniques, and innovative applications in areas that span across many engineering disciplines. Researchers, engineers, industry representatives, public officials, and all others who have an interest are invited to attend and participate.

Symposia Topics:
Biological and Biologically Inspired Materials
Coastal Hazards
Computational Fluid Mechanics
Computational Mechanics of Heterogeneous Materials
Computational Mechanics (Student Paper Competition)
Constitutive and Fracturing Behavior of Quasi-Brittle Materials: Computation and Experiments
Dynamics
Dynamics and Control of Multibody Systems
Elasticity
Emerging Sensor Systems and Health Assessment Techniques for Next-Generation Structural Health Monitoring
Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Experimental Mechanics
Experimental Micromechanics
Experiments and Modeling for the Mechanics of Soil Erosion
Forward and Inverse Problems of Wave Propagation and Scattering in Heterogeneous Media
Granular Materials
Inelastic Behavior
Innovative Instrumentation and Experimental Methods in Engineering Mechanics Research
Micromechanics of Granular Geomaterials
Mixing and Transport in Fluid Flows
Multiscale Aspects of Stability in Granular Media
Multiscale Behavior of Damage and Failure Mechanics
Multiscale Failure Mechanics of Particulate Materials
Multiscale Modeling and Computations
New Trends in Microporomechanics
Nonlinear Oscillations and Instabilities of Advanced Structures Including MEMS and NEMS
Optimization and Robust Design
Pavement and Materials: Characterization and Modeling
Poromechanics
Probabilistic Methods Properties of Materials
Stability
Stability of Solids and Structures
Structural Health Monitoring
Structural Identification and Damage Detection
The Nonlinear Behavior of Rubberlike Solids: Experimental Characterization and Modeling
Turbulence
Uncertainty Quantification in Mechanics
Verification and Validation

Important Dates:
Abstract submissions open: December 10, 2009
Abstract submissions deadline: May 1, 2010
Abstract acceptance notification deadline: June 15, 2010

Websites: http://viterbi.usc.edu/admission/professionalprograms/emi2010/

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　 Sixth M.I.T. Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics

The Sixth M.I.T. Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics will be held in June 2011 at M.I.T.
The theme of the Conference is "Solids & Structures", and the topic is interpreted in a very broad way.
The Abstracts for full papers to be published in Computers & Structures are due January 31, 2010.
The conference proceedings will be published by Elsevier as a special issue of the journal "Computers and Structures" and we are planning for this issue to be ready at the Conference in June 2011.

Websites: http://www.sixthmitconference.org/

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招生招聘
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　Postdoctoral Researcher Position in Computational Materials Science

A postdoctoral researcher position is immediately available at the Richard G. Lugar Center for Renewable Energy in Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). The researcher will work on a project on studying the surface segregation phenomena in alloy nanoparticles using atomistic simulation techniques. This project involves close collaborations with experimental scientists. The candidate should hold a doctor degree in a relevant discipline, such as Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Physics, or Chemical Engineering. The ideal candidate should have a strong background in atomistic scale simulations (Density Functional Theory, molecular dynamics, and Monte Carlo methods) and scientific programming (C or Fortran). Prior experience in the use of software VASP and Materials Studio is desirable. A curriculum vita, including a list of publications, and three letters of recommendation should be sent by e-mail to Prof. Guofeng Wang (wang83@iupui.edu).

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　Postdoctoral Researcher in Computational Mechanics

£30,594-£32,458 pa
Department of Engineering in University of Liverpool
Closing date for receipt of applications: 30 January 2010

You will join a research project “Optimise blast resistance of novel composites made with fibre metal laminates (FMLs)” sponsored by the Leverhulme Trust. The project will be jointly supervised with Prof. Cantwell who is an expert on testing of novel composites. The project is to develop comprehensive finite element models capable of simulating various deformation and failure modes relating to composite features of FMLs subjected to extreme loading conditions. Advanced numerical techniques developed through the research project will have a long term benefit to all blast resistant composites designs and evaluation research by reducing the need for large and more costly experimental based research programmes. We make particular reference to the immediate potential of these techniques for designing high blast-resistant luggage container for passenger aircraft, military/police helmets, vehicles, etc.

You should have a PhD in an engineering discipline (preferably computational mechanics, mechanical engineering or civil engineering) and research experience in numerical modelling through user-defined subroutines (ABAQUS, AUTO-DYNA or other) or equivalent experience. You should be a self-motivated and independent researcher and preferably have reasonable research experience. Experience in analysis and modelling of materials/structures subjected to blast and/or impact or other dynamic loading would be advantageous. You should be able to communicate with proficiency in English. You should be very good at mathematics and computer programming. The post is available for 3 years. Please send your CV(resume) to Dr Zhongwei Guan: zguan@liv.ac.uk

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　Post-Doc Scientist Position in Experimental Mechanics at Columbia University

POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSITANT – HYBRID SOLAR PANEL The Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at Columbia University seeks applications for a position as a Postdoctoral Research Assistant. A Postdoctoral Research Assistant is a junior level research position and works under the supervision of a faculty member in the department. As a postdoctoral research assistant the incumbent will work to further the research of the laboratory, and occasionally may be asked to supervise student projects related to the research and other topics within the scope of the group. In addition, the post-doc will be expected to assist in the development and submission of research proposals to funding agencies offering sponsor research programs in areas related to the research. A Ph.D. in Material Science, Physics, or Engineering is required. Interested candidates should have a strong research background in the area of materials fabrication and thermo-mechanical/physical characterization. Interested candidates should have experience with new material development, preferably as an integral component of their dissertation research. The position requires an interdisciplinary candidate who will participate in the development of hybrid solar panels. Preference will be given to candidates experienced with instrument development, solar panel integration and tests, and multi-scale/physical modeling. Excellent verbal and written communication skills required. Independent research capability is of high value. Applicants can consult http://www.civil.columbia.edu/ for more information about the department. The target starting date for the positions is February 1, 2010, and the search will remain open until the positions are filled. For interested applicants, please send the following materials to yin@civil.columbia.edu: Coverletter, CV, one representative publication, and contact information of three references.

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学术期刊
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　Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids

Volume 58, Issue 1&2 (January 2010)

The energy-release rate and “self-force” of dynamically expanding spherical and plane inclusion boundaries with dilatational eigenstrain
Xanthippi Markenscoff, Luqun Ni

Dynamic fragmentation of ceramics, signature of defects and scaling of fragment sizes
S. Levy, J.F. Molinari

Regimes of frictional sliding of a spring–block system
Thibaut Putelat, Jonathan H.P. Dawes, John R. Willis

Analyzing the orientation dependence of stresses in polycrystals using vertices of the single crystal yield surface and crystallographic fibers of orientation space
Hadas Ritz, Paul Dawson, Tito Marin

Spontaneous bending of piezoelectric nanoribbons: Mechanics, polarization, and space charge coupling
C. Majidi, Z. Chen, D.J. Srolovitz, M. Haataja

Multiscale computations for carbon nanotubes based on a hybrid QM/QC (quantum mechanical and quasicontinuum) approach
Jong Youn Park, Chan-Hyun Park, Jae Shin Park, Ki-jeong Kong, Hyunju Chang, Seyoung Im

Corrigendum to “Irreducible structure, symmetry and average of Eshelby's tensor fields in isotropic elasticity” [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 54 (2006) 368–383]
W.-N. Zou, Q.-S. Zheng

Continuity in the plastic strain rate and its influence on texture evolution
Justin C. Mach, Armand J. Beaudoin, Amit Acharya

Discrete element modelling of pebble beds: With application to uniaxial compression tests of ceramic breeder pebble beds
Yixiang Gan, Marc Kamlah

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics for bulk materials and nanostructures
Kaushik Dayal, Richard D. James

Thermomechanics of a heterogeneous fluctuating chain
Tianxiang Su, Prashant K. Purohit

Multiresolution continuum modeling of micro-void assisted dynamic adiabatic shear band propagation
Cahal McVeigh, Wing Kam Liu

A statistical, physical-based, micro-mechanical model of hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture in steel
P. Novak, R. Yuan, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, R.O. Ritchie

The role of spinodal region in the kinetics of lattice phase transitions
Anna Vainchtein

Modelling of photodegradation effect on elastic–viscoplastic behaviour of amorphous polylactic acid films
S. Belbachir, F. Zaïri, G. Ayoub, U. Maschke, M. Naït-Abdelaziz, J.M. Gloaguen, M. Benguediab, J.M. Lefebvre

Non-periodic finite-element formulation of Kohn–Sham density functional theory
Phanish Suryanarayana, Vikram Gavini, Thomas Blesgen, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Michael Ortiz

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　Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering

Volume 199, Issues 1-8 (1 January, 2010)

A time discretization scheme based on Rothe’s method for dynamical contact problems with friction
Rolf Krause, Mirjam Walloth

An edge-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM) for analyzing three-dimensional acoustic problems
Z.C. He, G.R. Liu, Z.H. Zhong, S.C. Wu, G.Y. Zhang, A.G. Cheng

Multi-field spacetime discontinuous Galerkin methods for linearized elastodynamics
S.T. Miller, B. Kraczek, R.B. Haber, D.D. Johnson

A finite element procedure for rigorous numerical enclosures on the limit load in the analysis of multibody structures
L. Angela Mihai, Mark Ainsworth

Enforcement of constraints and maximum principles in the variational multiscale method
John A. Evans, Thomas J.R. Hughes, Giancarlo Sangalli

Load capacity ratios for structures
Lior Falach, Reuven Segev

Over-determined formulation of the immersed boundary conditions method
S.Z. Husain, J.M. Floryan, J. Szumbarski

From discrete to continuous numerical identification of a geomaterial with an internal length
Romain Laniel, Pierre Alart, Stéphane Pagano

Topology optimization with multiple phase projection
James K. Guest

Gradient and fracture energy-based plasticity theory for quasi-brittle materials like concrete
S.M. Vrech, G. Etse

Perturbation-based successive approximate topology optimization for a displacement minimization problem
S. Sakata, F. Ashida

On the solution of the Fokker–Planck equation using a high-order reduced basis approximation
G.M. Leonenko, T.N. Phillips

The geometric element transformation method for tetrahedral mesh smoothing
Dimitris Vartziotis, Joachim Wipper, Bernd Schwald

On efficient least-squares finite element methods for convection-dominated problems
Po-Wen Hsieh, Suh-Yuh Yang

Hybrid lattice particle modeling of wave propagation induced fracture of solids
G. Wang, A. Al-Ostaz, A.H.-D. Cheng, P.R. Mantena

Structural design optimization subjected to uncertainty using fat Bezier curve
N.F. Wang, Y.W. Yang

Special issue on computational geometry and analysis
Y. Bazilevs, C.L. Bajaj, V.M. Calo, T.J.R. Hughes

MCAD: Key historical developments
Elaine Cohen, Tom Lyche, Richard F. Riesenfeld

Isogeometric analysis using T-splines
Y. Bazilevs, V.M. Calo, J.A. Cottrell, J.A. Evans, T.J.R. Hughes, S. Lipton, M.A. Scott, T.W. Sederberg

Adaptive isogeometric analysis by local h-refinement with T-splines
Michael R. Dörfel, Bert Jüttler, Bernd Simeon

Isogeometric shell analysis: The Reissner–Mindlin shell
D.J. Benson, Y. Bazilevs, M.C. Hsu, T.J.R. Hughes

Wavelets-based NURBS simplification and fairing
Wenyan Wang, Yongjie Zhang

Efficient quadrature for NURBS-based isogeometric analysis
T.J.R. Hughes, A. Reali, G. Sangalli

The importance of the exact satisfaction of the incompressibility constraint in nonlinear elasticity: mixed FEMs versus NURBS-based approximations
F. Auricchio, L. Beirão da Veiga, C. Lovadina, A. Reali

Optimal shapes of mechanically motivated surfaces
Kai-Uwe Bletzinger, Matthias Firl, Johannes Linhard, Roland Wüchner

Analysis-aware modeling: Understanding quality considerations in modeling for isogeometric analysis
E. Cohen, T. Martin, R.M. Kirby, T. Lyche, R.F. Riesenfeld

Robustness of isogeometric structural discretizations under severe mesh distortion
S. Lipton, J.A. Evans, Y. Bazilevs, T. Elguedj, T.J.R. Hughes

Numerical efficiency, locking and unlocking of NURBS finite elements
Ralph Echter, Manfred Bischoff

New rotation-free finite element shell triangle accurately using geometrical data
P.-A. Ubach, E. Oñate

Coordinated synthesis of hierarchical engineering systems
V. Srinivasan, S. Radhakrishnan, G. Subbarayan

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人物介绍
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　2009年度国家最高科学技术奖得主介绍

谷超豪院士：
复旦大学教授，中国科学院院士。浙江温州人。1948年毕业于浙江大学数学系，1953年起在复旦大学任教，1957年赴前苏联莫斯科大学进修，获科学博士学位。历任复旦大学副校长、中国科技大学校长。1980年当选为中国科学院数学物理学部委员，撰有《数学物理方程》等专著。研究成果“规范场数学结构”、“非线性双曲型方程组和混合型偏微分方程的研究”、“经典规范场”分别获全国科学大会奖、国家自然科学二等奖、三等奖、09年度国家最高科技奖。2010年1月11日，谷超豪院士获得2009年度国家最高科学技术奖。
1948年，谷超豪大学毕业，苏步青选留他作助教。1952年升为讲师，1953年转到复旦大学，1956年升为副教授。一次，苏步青在为青年教师开的课程中，提出了K展空间理论方面的一个未能解决的问题，谷超豪立刻被迷住了。谷超豪最早的微分几何论文《隐函数方程式表示下的K展空间理论》的思想形成了，1951年，这篇论文在《中国科学》上发表，引起了国际数学界的注目。1956年，苏联评论杂志《数学》创刊时，登了一篇长篇评论，介绍了谷超豪的论文。1957年赴前苏联莫斯科大学力学数学系进修，1959年获该校物理数学科学博士学位。1960年后历任复旦大学教授、数学系主任、数学研究所所所长，中国科学技术大学校长，国家科委攀登计划非线性科学科研项目首席科学家。曾兼任中国数学会副理事长，国务院学位委员会学科评议组数学组召集人。1980年当选为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。1994年当选为国际高等学校科学院院士。主要从事偏微分方程、微分几何、数学物理等方面的研究和教学工作，又致力于大学的行政工作，均取得重要成就，为我国数学研究和科学教育事业的发展作出了重要贡献。在一般空间微分几何学、齐性黎曼空间、无限维变换拟群、双曲型和混合型偏微分方程、规范场理论和孤立子理论等方面也取得一系列成果。近年来，在偏微分方程和规范场理论研究方面的成果，引起了国际数学界重视，并曾获国家自然科学奖二、三等奖各一项和国家教委科技进步奖一等奖两项，研究解决了超音速机翼绕流等数学问题，其成果比国外早十多年。在正对称方程组和混合型方程研究方面取得重要成果，首次提出了高维、高阶混合型方程的系统理论，受到了国际同行高度称赞。在规范场的数学结构方面也取得一系列成果，近年来，在高维时空的孤立子理论的研究取得了新的重要进展。从事教学工作数十年，培养出一批优秀的教学人才。

孙家栋院士：
运载火箭与卫星技术专家，中国科学院院士，国际宇航科学院院士，西安电子科技大学空天研究院院长。2009年国家最高科学技术奖得主。
1948年孙家栋考入哈尔滨工业大学预科。
　　1951年被空军选派到苏联莫斯科茹科夫斯基空军工程学院学习飞机、设计维修及管理。
　　1958年毕业，获得全苏斯大林金质奖章。回国后被分配到国防部第五研究院一分院从事导弹原创工作。
　　1960年孙家栋担任型号总体主任设计师。
　　1967年参加领导中国第一颗人造地球卫星“东方红一号”以及第一颗返回式遥感卫星。
　　1970年4月24日，“东方红一号”发射成功。
　　1971年任总体设计师的“实践一号”卫星发射成功。
　　1975年任总体设计师的第一颗返回式遥感卫星发射成功。
　　1980年获七机部劳动模范称号，1984年荣立航天部一等功，1985年获两项国家科技进步奖特等奖。
　　1982年孙家栋任航天部总工程师。
　　1984年，作为总设计师领导中国第一颗同步试验通信卫星“东方红二号”发射成功。
　　1985年任航天部副部长。
　　1986年任中国第二代卫星“东方红三号”，“风云二号”、中巴合作第一颗地球资源卫星总设计师。
　　1989年担任中国火箭进入国际市场谈判代表团团长，参加中美两国政府间的国际商业发射服务协议谈判。
　　1988年孙家栋当选国际宇航科学院院士，1992年当选中科院院士，1996年当选国际欧亚科学院院士。1999年被授予两弹一星功勋奖章。
　　曾任东方红一号、实践一号、返回式遥感卫星的技术总负责人，作为东方红二号、三号试验通信卫星、资源一号卫星、北斗一号导航卫星、中星22号卫星工程的总设计师，主持制定卫星总体方案，现担任绕月工程总设计师，并任风云二号气象卫星、环境一号卫星和鑫诺二号大容量通信卫星工程的总设计师。
　　1999年被国家授予“两弹一星”功勋奖章。
　　2003年任中国探月工程总设计师。
　　2009年2月受广西壮族自治区人民政府聘请出任桂林电子科技大学名誉校长。
　　2010年1月11日，在国家科学技术奖励大会上，获得2009年度国家最高科学技术奖。

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　美国国防预研项目署成功的关键
（摘自科学时报）

     我国目前的民口科研管理部门，几乎都是采用同行评议方式进行科研资助决策，似乎只有这样才能保证经费分配的公平性。但是，除了公平性外，我们还应考虑决策的敏锐性，考虑科研项目对国家需求的响应性。2008年11月4日，我曾在科学网发表博文《科研资助需要多种模式》，文中介绍了DARPA的做法，本文将介绍DARPA的关键成功因素。
      DARPA（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency）有不同的中译名，总装备部某研究中心主任游光荣先生认为译作“美国国防预研项目署”比较准确，我同意他的意见。
     该机构的成功业绩是有目共睹的，因特网、个人计算机、激光器等许多重大科技成果都可以追溯到DARPA所支持的项目。因此，美国联邦政府内的其他一些机构也想模仿DARPA的运作方式。比如，1998年，美国情报部门成立了预研与开发署（ARDA）；2002年，国土安全部也成立了预研项目署（HS-ARPA）；2007年，国会要求能源部成立一个预研项目署（ARPA-E）。问题是，这些模仿DARPA成立的机构能学到DARPA的精髓吗？
2009年秋季号的《科学技术问题》（Issues in Science and Technology）杂志发表了美国卡内基梅隆大学工程与公共政策系助理教授Erica R. H. Fuchs的文章《成功地克隆DARPA模式》，文章认为，DARPA的最主要成功因素是其独特的项目官员制。
      DARPA目前有约100名项目官员，他们都是从学术界或产业界“借调”过来的，任期3到5年。由于他们不进入公务员系列，因此，在DARPA内不存在一般政府机构内普遍存在着的等级森严的决策体制。项目官员有非常大的自主权去识别和资助本人所负责领域内的相关技术项目。一位项目官员要决定是否资助某个项目，只需要说服两个人：自己所在技术局的局长和DARPA署长。由于项目官员的决策权很大，那么，其判断是否准确，眼光是否长远，项目资助效果是否令人满意，也是很容易识别的。而在我国动辄采取集体决策方式的情况下，一旦发生决策失误，谁都可以推卸责任。
       显然，这样的决策机制安排，就要求项目官员具备很高的素质。他们有四大任务：了解美国在目前和未来面临着哪些军事挑战；识别有助于应对上述挑战的新兴技术；推动从事新兴技术研究的科研人员所构成的社区不断发展壮大；确保将这些技术的进一步开发任务移交给军方或商业部门。
        DARPA的具体运作机制是什么样的呢？平时，项目官员们与美国三军的高官有密切接触，了解其需求。自1968年起，DARPA成立了国防科学研究理事会（DARPA-DSRC），理事会成员包括20到30名全国最出色的科学家和工程师，还包括20名左右DARPA项目官员。每年7月，DSRC差不多要开一个月的会。每次会议的主题（拟讨论的技术方向）由7个人组成的DSRC指导委员会确定。开完这个会后，就成立几个工作组，进一步讨论会议确定的几个具体题目。除了这个最集中的商讨时段外，DSRC成员还经常访问军营，观摩军事训练，甚至参与作战模拟演练，以切实把握军事科研的需求。
        项目官员们一年到头四处出差，了解哪里有潜在的好项目、好人才。可以这么说，他们的任务不是挑选成功概率高的项目，而是在优秀科研人才身上下赌注。有时候，他们会资助从事同一技术研究、但相互不熟悉的不同科学家；有时候，他们会资助为攻克同一问题而采取不同技术路线的科学家。但是，不管谁最终拿到了DARPA的资助，都必须在DARPA组织的研讨会上与大家分享研究思路与工作进展。这样，DARPA所希望看到的研究者社区就逐渐形成并成长起来。在社区成员间，相互冲突的情况较少，协调合作较为顺畅。
       尤其要指出的是，DARPA很少支持单项技术，而总是尽量支持有助于实现其目标的技术群。例如，对于计算技术而言，DARPA支持的领域涉及材料、处理工具、芯片设计、软件、系统架构等等。
       另外，为了保证有更多机会从事先意想不到的地方发现新兴技术的来源，DARPA规定，联邦政府资助的研发中心（FFRDC）不允许申请DARPA招标项目，但是，DARPA可能请这类研发中心（如林肯实验室）帮助自己准备招标文件，帮助自己展望国家的长期技术需求。
        总之，在项目官员充分发挥主观能动性的情况下，自下至上的技术识别过程和研究者社区的打造过程，共同奠定了DARPA的成功基础。
      在经费分配程序上，两条腿走路也肯定比只用一条腿走路好。因此，我国在不断完善同行评议方式的同时，学习借鉴DARPA那样的决策方式和资助方式，以加快决策速度、聚焦重点领域、培育科研社区、强化责任机制，应当说是很有必要的。

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Modeling Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport

（Bear, Jacob & Cheng, Alexander H.-D.）

About this textbook
In many parts of the world, groundwater resources are under increasing threat from growing demands, wasteful use, and contamination. To face the challenge, good planning and management practices are needed. A key to the management of groundwater is the ability to model the movement of fluids and contaminants in the subsurface. The purpose of this book is to construct conceptual and mathematical models that can provide the information required for making decisions associated with the management of groundwater resources, and the remediation of contaminated aquifers.
The basic approach of this book is to accurately describe the underlying physics of groundwater flow and solute transport in heterogeneous porous media, starting at the microscopic level, and to rigorously derive their mathematical representation at the macroscopic levels. The well-posed, macroscopic mathematical models are formulated for saturated, single phase flow, as well as for unsaturated and multiphase flow, and for the transport of single and multiple chemical species. Numerical models are presented and computer codes are reviewed, as tools for solving the models. The problem of seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers is examined and modeled. The issues of uncertainty in model input data and output are addressed. The book concludes with a chapter on the management of groundwater resources. Although one of the main objectives of this book is to construct mathematical models, the amount of mathematics required is kept minimal.
- Most comprehensive book on mathematical modeling of groundwater flow and contaminant transport
- Deep insight into the physics at the microscopic level and its description as averaged processes
- Addresses uncertainty and management issues
- Written by one of the most highly cited authors of groundwater books (Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, and Hydraulics of Groundwater)
Audience:
Graduate and upper level undergraduate students who are interested in such topics as groundwater, water resources and environmental engineering; of interest to researchers, to scientists, and to professionals who face the need to build and solve models of flow and contaminant transport in the subsurface.

Websites: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences/hydrogeology/book/978-1-4020-6681-8

Quotes for this textbook:

This book is a comprehensive and authoritative treatise of groundwater flow and transport modeling. It provides easy-to-follow descriptions of basic concepts, governing equations, relevant parameters, methods of measurement and observation, numerical solution methods, and interpretation of results, for real-world situations. It is a "must have" for students, teachers, researchers, engineers, and managers in subsurface hydrology and management.
S.M. Hassanizadeh, Professor of Bear, Jacob, Cheng, Alexander H.-D. Hydrogeology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

A very comprehensive and well written textbook that addresses the formulation of both conceptual and mathematical models to predict flow and transport through porous media and to make decisions for a sustainable development of the subsurface resources and remediation of contaminated groundwater based on optimal management under uncertainty. The readers who are potentially interested include practitioners, modelers, managers and researchers as well as students at the graduate and upper undergraduate level in civil and environmental engineering.
Giuseppe Gambolati, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Italy

“This book is a must for researchers as well as practitioners who are interested in understanding the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art of groundwater modeling issues."
Prabhakar Clement, Arthur H. Feagin Chair of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, USA

I teach three graduate courses, “Introduction to Modeling Transport Phenomena for Aquifer Remediation”, “Modeling Flow and Transport through Heterogeneous Media”, and “Numerical Approximation by the Finite Element Method”, to students coming from Natural Sciences and Engineering Sciences areas at my university, and also at several world-wide institutes. This book comprehensively covers a spectrum of theoretical and practical topics addressing quantitative modeling and environmental issues of groundwater flow and transport. I will definitely recommend the book as a valuable reference to my students and colleagues.
Shaul Sorek, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

This is an excellent reference book for postgraduate students and researchers in the discipline of groundwater. This book provides detailed information regarding modelling of contaminant transport in porous medium that is particular important for environmental scientists and numerical modellers.
Dong-Sheng Jeng, NRP Chair in Civil Engineering, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK

Bear and Cheng have provided a unified and systematic approach in this reference book for engineers and scientists interested in modelling subsurface flow. They presented each chapter with clarity explaining why the topics discussed are of importance. In addition to covering traditional areas of groundwater flow and contaminant transport, the authors provide a good introduction to topics such as uncertainty, optimization and inverse problems which gained importance in recent years.
Yavuz Corapcioglu, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maryland, USA

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